Potential sago (sago Metroxylon Rottb.) As a source of food and industrial materials has been recognized since the 1970s, but until now the development of sago palm plants in Indonesia are still roads in place. Sago is native to Indonesia. It is believed that the middle of origin of sago is around Lake Sentani, Jayapura regency, Papua. In these places germplasm diversity found sago highest. They have the widest area of ��sago in Papua (one.2 million ha) and Papua New Guinea (one.0 million ha), representing 90% of the total area of ��sago world. Sago plants scattered in the wet tropical region of Southeast Asia and Oceania, chiefly grow in wetlands, brackish or often flooded.
Sago stems harvested before flowering plants, while the highest starch content. After the trees felled, processed to receive the stem pith of flour (starch) sago. Amylose corn starch containing 27% and 73% amylopectin. The content of calories, carbohydrates, protein, and overweight sago flour is equivalent to other carbohydrate-producing crops.
Productive But Elderly
Compared with other carbohydrate-producing plants, sago plants are the main advantages of high productivity. Sago production well managed to reach 25 tonnes of dry starch / ha / year. Productivity is equivalent to a cane, but higher than that of cassava and potato starch with productivity 10-15 dry t / ha / year.
Sago is an annual plant. With plant, the sago will continue to produce sustainably for lots of years. Other carbohydrate-producing crops such as rice, maize, cassava, and sugarcane are seasonal crops. However, for the first harvest at least must wait 8 years. Unproductive period can be reduced by using huge seedling. Sago grows well on marginal land such as peat, marsh, brackish or stagnant land where other crops can not grow. Therefore, the development of sago for bioethanol production won't interfere with other carbohydrate-producing plants to national food security.
Comparatively simple to harvest sago, which felled trees, stems cut in to pieces and then washed away to a processing plant. It is heavy sago trunk, an average of one ton, so that a constraint in its transportation to the mills. In addition, the location of natural stands (forest) sago usually isolated and contained in the wetlands so it is difficult to reach.
Prospect Development
Sago starch is a staple food of indigenous people of Maluku and Papua, those living in low lying areas. In the future, corn starch will be widely used for industrial purposes, such as bread-making ingredients, noodles, cakes, high fructose syrup, adhesive, and simple to decompose naturally plastic (biodegradable). Sago starch is also used in the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, paper, ethanol, and textiles. Meanwhile, sago processing wastes can be used as animal feed.
Sago as a Potential Source of Energy
Malaysia has built a commercial sago plantations in Sarawak, Johor and Riau, while Indonesia still depends on the exploitation of natural stands and semibudi power. Sago growth naturally feared unable to keep cutting rates. Therefore, the development of large-scale commercial sago plantations it was time to think about. Only a long period of 8 years did not produce an hindrance for entrepreneurs to get involved in this field. The role of financial institutions in providing long-term soft loans is expected.
Estimated total production potential of sago Indonesia is still rough, because it relates to the total area of ��sago, the number of trees that can be harvested per hectare per year, and production of dry starch per tree. Most of the sago areas in Indonesia is a natural stand so that its productivity is diverse. Potential production of sago in Indonesia is estimated around five million tonnes of dry starch per year. Sago starch consumption in the country only around 210 tonnes or 4-5% of potential production.
If the savings in the forest sago Indonesia carbohydrates can be optimally used to bioethanol, it can be obtained bioethanol seven million kiloliters per year, assuming a conversion factor of 0.6. Needs national premium is estimated around 16 million liters per year. If bioethanol can replace a premium of about 10% (90:10 mixture of gasoline and ethanol) will need as lots of as one.6 million kl of ethanol. These needs must be met from sago starch alone.
Bioethanol as a blend of premium does not contain lead and does not produce hydrocarbon emissions that are environmentally friendly. Because it is produced from bioethanol from sago plants are renewable. It is that the production of ethanol with simple know-how ought to be closely monitored to keep away from the likelihood of its misuse as liquor. Processing of sago starch to ethanol is similar to making a tape of cassava. Sago starch converted to sugars using microorganisms and fermented in to ethanol further. Ethanol obtained was purified by distillation.
Of work these figures are not realistic because it is difficult to exploit the full potential of the sago woods to keep in mind the location of natural stands of sago are remote and difficult to reach. Most bioethanol needs can be met from other carbohydrate-producing crops such as cassava, sugarcane, and corn, organic solid waste from agriculture, and of commercial sago plantations. Sago plantations cultivated properly dried starch to produce 25 t / ha / year, equivalent to 15 kl of ethanol.
Development of commercial sago plantations need superior planting material in bulk. This is a major constraint at present. alternative is the provision of quality seeds sago with tissue culture techniques. Sago plant tissue culture know-how has been successfully developed at the Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops of Indonesia through somatic embryogenesis. The procedures for the formation of somatic embryos and plantlets have worked well, but there's still obstacles in the acclimation of seedlings.
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