Know Your Kidney Function and Work

Kidney is a tool to filter the blood so that the substance remains of metabolism that are toxic and useless can be removed from the body through urine. These substances should be removed because it can harm our health. In addition, the kidneys also contribute to maintain water balance in the body or body fluids to maintain osmotic pressure so that its role is crucial in maintaining the condition of the body to stay balanced and dynamic (homeostasis), or the creation of healthy conditions. urine appears frothy, yellow and smelly, is the result of fluid filtration of blood by the kidneys.
Inside our bodies there is a pair of kidneys are located under the liver and spleen, on the right and left of the spine around the back precisely in the thoracic spine (T) number 12 to the lumbar (L) number 3. Both kidneys are located behind the membrane lining the abdomen called the peritoneum. Right kidney usually lies slightly below the left kidney due to being pressured by the liver. Because of its location, then if there is a kidney disorder or kidney pain symptoms will be felt at the waist so that lay people generally say back pain.
An adult kidney has a size approximately as follows length 11 cm, 5 cm thick, and weighs 150 grams. Human kidney has a shape like a bean seed with a curve which is called the hilum facing inwards. Hilum is the incoming arteries and nerves, as well as vein and ureter exit. Kidney enveloped by a thin connective tissue capsule called the renal (kidney capsule). In the layer attached to the layer of fat that helps the attachment of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity wall and reduce collisions. Above the kidney is an adrenal gland or also called suprarenal glands (supra = above, ren = kidney).
A. Anatomical structure of the kidney
If a kidney is cut on the center divide, then it can be differentiated into outer part called the cortex, and the inside is called the medulla. Part of the cortex while the medulla dark brown light brown slightly. Kidney cortex is composed of nephrons: the medulla, tubules koligens. Structures of different morphology, physiology and embryology of the nephron of origin the most conspicuous. Renal lobule consists of an arrangement of the medulla (medulla ray) with surrounding cortical tissue. Each kidney has a ductal lobular koligens and all units of the kidney filtration duct empties into it. In adult humans lobes and lobules, lobule kidney is not always tied to real.
In the medulla there is like a pyramid formation, called renal pyramids, which is a collection of the urine collecting ducts which unite to form the renal pelvis. Renal medulla consists of a cone-shaped structures 10-18 (renal pyramid). Medulla Pyramids of the base and edges are on prominent peak zone and the cortex called renal papillae. Calix Calix-united to form the renal pelvis, which is part of a widen uteter.
Renal papillae surface penetrated by holes 10-12 koligens duct forming the estuary area cribrosa (regions kibrosa). Basic medullary pyramids are composed of 400-500 tubules parallel-long parallel tubules (medullary rays), penetrate the cortex. Medulla rays each consisting of a straight duct koligens surrounded by many parallel nephron tubules which are kidney filtration units.
B. Blood circulation to and from the kidney
Kidney as a tool to filter the blood, the kidneys are organs that have a lot of blood vessels. Blood going to the kidney comes from the abdominal aorta (the artery of the stomach) which then branches into the renal artery (renal blood vessels) and then into the kidneys via the renal basin (hilar renal). Renal artery before entering the kidney is usually branched into 2 (two), namely one on the anterior (front) and other kidney to the posterior (rear).
After entering the dlam kidney, renal artery divides into interlobaris artery, the artery arcuata, interlobularis artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, capillary peritubuler (juxta glomerulare), interlobularis vein, vena arcuata, interlobularis vein, renal vein.
In the medulla was found venulae rectae, where the blood flows back into the arcuate veins. It contains blood vessels that have been filtered in the glomeruli, which play an important role in maintaining the osmolarity of the medulla interstitial tissue is high. Capillaries and the outer cortex of the kidney capsule unite to form veins stelata which empties into the veins interlobularis. Veins follow the same way as the arteries. Blood from the veins interlobularis flow into the arcuate veins, and from here into the veins interlobaris. Interlobaris veins which form the renal vein blood then leaves the kidney.
Afferent arterioles
Efferent ateriol wall contains smooth muscle that can alter lumen diameter, whereas the afferent ateriol lumen diameter remains constant at, because the surrounding smooth muscle cells play a role in secretion rather than contraction. Glometulus the blood capillaries. Glomeruli contain capillaries arteries.
C. Renal Structural and Functional Units
Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney in urine formation is the nephrons (nephron). Nephron nephron can be divided into vascular and nephron epithelia. Nephron afferent vessels of arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, and capillary peritubuler.
The Bowman's capsule epithelial nephrons, proximal tubules convulatus, loop of Henle, distal tubules convulatus, and tubular collectivus. Each one normal adult human kidney may contain 1-4 million units of the nephron. Each nephron consists of a units corpuskula renal proximal convoluted tubules, the thin and thick loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule. Nephron elements embedded in the basal lamina, followed by a small amount of connective tissue organs. A nephron consists of a filter component called corpuscles (or Malpighian bodies) and channels (tubules).
1. Glomerular
Glomerular capillaries is woven, which is a branch of the afferent arterioles. After entering the body kidney (renal corpus) corpuscles renal afferent arterioles usually branched into 2-5 main branches, each of which branches again into capillary meshes. Hydrostatic pressure of arterial blood contained in these capillaries. glomelurus regulated by the efferent arterioles.
2. Bowman's capsule
File capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule glomelurus. Glomerular function as blood filters. Bowman's capsule is a double-walled epithelium. The outer layer of Bowman's capsule consists of flattened epithelial layer, and inner layer composed of specialized cells called podosit (foot cells) that is located covering glomerular capillaries. Between the two layers are formed cavity of Bowman's capsule. Podosit cells, basal membrane, and capillary endothelial cells form a layer (membrane) filtration with holes that separate the blood contained in the capillary with the capsular space. Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries have pores larger cells and more than capillaries in other organs. The results of blood on the glomerular filtration of fluid or liquid called ultrafiltrat (primary urine) is then accommodated in the cavity of the capsule.
3. Renal corpuscles
Unity between glomelurus with renal corpuscles forming Bowman's capsule (also called Malpighian body). Corpuscles renal proximal convoluted tubules continue to be. Each roll contains corpuscles of blood capillaries called the glomerulus in Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus received blood flow from the afferent artery. Of glomerular capillary walls have pores for filtration or filtration.
4. Convulatus proximal tubule (TCP)
Convulatus proximal tubule is a long line winding starts at the renal corpuscles continues into the loop of Henle (loop of Henle). Proximal convoluted tubule (TKP) commonly found on a cross section of the cortex. Scene is limited by the epithelial layer of the cube with the apex facing the lumen of the tubule cells have many mikrofili formed brush border.
Surface brush border microvilli serve to help reabsorption of various substances contained in liquids ultrafiltrat. In reabsobsi, apical cytoplasm of the cell has many microvilli kanakuli derived from the base. Near kanakuli contained small vesicles as a result during pinositosis. Increased cell membrane surface at the base of the cell through which the sodium pump are the properties of cells involved in ion transport.
5. Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle is a long channel-shaped like the letter Udapat divided into segments of thin and thick segments. Loop of Henle has a hole wider than the TKD because Diding LH consists of flattened cells with a nucleus punched into the lumen. Part of thin loop of Henle is a continuation of the proximal convoluted tubule, most of the way down (descenden) and thick sections of walk up (ascending). Thin sections resembles blood kepiler so difficult to distinguish.
Thick loop structurally similar to the distal convoluted tubule. Part descenden loop of Henle is permeable to water and ions, thereby allowing free movement of water, Na + and Cl-. While the ascending part is not permeable to water and very actively transports chloride into the liquid insterstitial. Responsible directly to the spinal area hipertonisitas insterstitial fluid as a result of loss of sodium and chloride. Therefore, the fluid in the tubules that reached the distal convoluted tubule is hypotonic.
Vasarekta or straight vessels medulla region located in such a way that does not interfere with blood circulation caused by the osmotic pump Curvature Henle chloride and form a "countercurrent exchange system". Arteriolarteriol and straight veins are very thin vessels with a wall-like capillary walls. Each vessel straight one artery and one vein to form the arch whose branches run in the margins. The function of the loop is to regulate levels of blood osmotic and hypertonic / hypotonic urine.
When you walk through the arterioles straight towards the inner medulla, blood loss and gain of sodium as the water in the medulla interstitial fluid gradually becomes more hypertonic. When blood returns to the opposite direction once again he was dealing with the same gradient, but now the slope is reduced and the loss of sodium and water gain. Water loss at descenden vessels recovered by ascending vessels, and sodium that goes into descenden vessels returned by ascending vessels.
The function of osmotic changes in straight vessels is to maintain the osmotic gradient is still present in the renal medulla. The movement of water and sodium is a passive, takes place without the use of energy.
This nephron segment responsible for the formation of the end of a hypertonic urine. And only animals with the loop of Henle in the kidney is capable of producing hypertonic urine.
6. Convulatus distal tubule (TCD)
Distal convoluted tubule which is the terminal nephron. In the distal convoluted tubule, ion exchange occurs. When aldosterone works, direabsorbsi sodium and potassium ions excreted by the proximal convoluted tubules which houses the control mechanism of total salt and water. Distal tubules also secrete hydrogen ions and ammonium ions into the urinary tubules. These activities are important for maintaining acid-base balance of blood. real role for urine concentration. The urine leaves the distal convoluted tubule is almost always isotonic.
7. Apparatus jukstaglomerulus
Close to the body kidney, tunica media ateriol afferent modified and made up of cells that have a shape such as epithelioid cells, smooth muscle is not as commonly arterioles. There are cells called jukstaglomelurus cells that have nuclei such as cigarettes and dark cytoplasm filled with granules. Jukstaglomelurus cells function to produce the enzyme renin. Renin plays alter plasma protein called angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
This substance as a result of work 'converting enzyme' which allegedly contained in the lungs, when missing two amino acids changed to okta peptide called angiotensin II. The main physiological effects of angiotensin II is to increase the secretion of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.
Sodium deficiency-induced stimulation of renin secretion of aldosterone which will accelerate. As a result, the reabsorption of sodium ions which can inhibit the excretion of renin. Excess sodium in the blood will suppress renin secretion resulting in inhibition of aldosterone formation that would increase the sodium concentration of urine. So jukstaglomelurus apparatus has a role in overseeing the homeostatic balance of sodium ions (Na).
8. Koligens tubules (tubules collectivus)
Urine runs from the distal convoluted tubule to tubule koligens which when united form a straight line larger so-called papillary duct Bellini. Koligens tubules are the main elements of the medulla walk straight. Koligens smaller tubules bordered by epithelial cabbage, while the diameter of the ductus koligens consists of light-colored cells.
Large tubules with koligens smaller tubules originating each medullary ray was held mutually perpendicular relationship began in the distal tubules but are important in the tubules koligens is a mechanism that depends on antidiuretic hormone (ADH) for final concentration or dilution of urine. Distal tubules and tubular wall koligens very easily penetrated the water when there are large amounts of ADH.
Renal tubules is a continuation of the Bowman's capsule. Part of the filtrate flows from Bowman's capsule called konvulatus proximal tubule. The next section is the loop that leads to distal tubule konvulatus.
Loop of Henle was named by the inventor of Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle in the early 1860's. Loop of Henle to maintain osmotic level in the countercurrent exchange is used for filtration. Cells lining the tubules have many mitochondria that produce ATP and enables active transport to reabsorb glucose, amino acids, and various mineral ions. Most of the water (97.7%) in the filtrate into the tubule konvulasi and collecting tubules by osmosis.
Fluid flows from konvulatus distal tubule into the collecting system comprising:

    connecting tubule
    cortical collecting tubules
    collecting tubules medularis

Place the loop of Henle in contact with afferent artery is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus. containing the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells. Tues juxtaglomerular was the site of synthesis and secretion of renin. Becomes more viscous fluid along the tubules and ducts to form urine, which is then brought into the bladder through the ureter.
D. Kidney Function
Kidney has 2 (two) main functions are:

    Filter out the remnants of metabolism of the blood and remove fluid in the form of urine.
    Maintaining a balance of water and mineral ions in blood osmotic pressure of body fluids in order to remain balanced.

Besides the kidney also has several other additional functions as follows:

    Erythropoetin produces hormones that play a role in helping to manufacture red blood cells.
    Activate vitamin D to maintain blood calcium levels and bone health.

In accordance with its function, then in the kidney occurs processes as follows:
1. Excretion
Excretion is the process of filtering and disposal of these substances remains of metabolism that are not useful for the body and are toxic. Therefore, the kidney is called as a means of excretion. Excretion of substances remnant metabolism by the kidneys through the process of formation of urine mepiuti: filtration, reabsorption (reabsorsi), and secretion.
2. Filtration
It's important to understand that kidney function is to filter the blood fluid substances that are not needed by the body can be discarded, such as metabolic waste. Blood is filtered through the porous walls thin epithelium of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule due to the pressure of the blood that drives the blood plasma. Barlangsung filtration in the glomerulus, where the primary urine or blood plasma ultra-filtrate is formed. Basically, the kidneys function to filter or clean the blood.
Blood flow to the kidneys of about 1.2 liters / min or 1700 liters / day. The blood is filtered into a liquid filtrate of 120 ml / minute or 170 liters / day to the tubules. The liquid filtrate was then processed in the tubules until finally out of the two kidneys into the urine as much as 1-2 liters / day.
Among the blood in the glomerulus and the room filled with fluid in Bowman's capsule, there are three layers:

    capillary endothelial cells in the glomerular layer.
    rich layer as a membrane protein.
    layer of epithelial cells lining Bowman's capsule (podosit).

With the help of pressure, fluid in the blood is pushed out of the glomerulus, through all three layers and into the room in the Bowman's capsule in the form of glomerular filtrate. Filtrate of blood plasma contains no blood cells or large protein molecules. Proteins in the form of small molecules can be found in this filtrate. Human blood through the kidneys as much as 350 times per day with a rate of 1.2 liters per minute, resulting in 125 cc of glomerular filtrate per minute. The rate of glomerular filtration is used for the diagnostic test of kidney function.
The resulting filtrate will enter into Kriya renal tubules. Blood that has been filtered to leave the kidney via the efferent arteries. Both kidneys produce about 125 ml of filtrate per minute. 125 ml and 1 ml diabsorsi released into the Calix as urine. Every 24 hours was established about 1500 ml of urine.
Blood flow in both kidneys in adults is around 1.2 to 1.3 liters per minute, which means that the blood circulating in the body through the kidneys every 4-5 minutes.
1. Nephron, particularly the proximal convoluted tubules, mereapsorbsi substances in a filter, which is useful for the body's metabolism so that the internal environment to maintain homeostasis. Also move the rest of the results from the blood into the tubular lumen, excreted in urine. Koligens tubule absorbs water, so it helps concentration of urine. In this way, the organism controls the water balance, fluid and osmotic intersel.
2. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure in capillaries others. This pressure about 75 mmHg. Glomerular filtration was formed due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood in which the forces that resist the hydrostatic pressure, namely: plasma colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg).
Nephron function as regulator of water and solutes (especially electrolytes) in the body by filtering blood, then mereabsorpsi fluid and molecules that are required by the body. Other molecules and the remaining liquid is discarded. Reabsorption and disposal are conducted using the countercurrent exchange mechanism and kotranspor. The final result is then excreted as urine.
The kidneys maintain the acidity (pH) of blood plasma in the range of 7.4 through the exchange of hydronium and hydroxyl ions. As a result, urine produced can be acidic at pH 5 or alkaline at pH 8.
Levels of sodium ions is controlled by a homeostatic process involving aldosterone to increase the absorption of sodium ions in the tubule konvulasi.
The increase or decrease in blood osmotic pressure due to excess or shortage of water will soon be detected by the hypothalamus which signals the pituitary gland by negative feedback. The pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) to suppress the secretion of water resulting in changes in the level of water absorption in the kidney tubules. As a result the concentration of tissue fluid will return to 98%.
The kidneys regulate the chemical composition via filtration, active absorption, passive absorption, and secretion. Barlangsung filtration in the glomerulus, where the ultra-filtrate of blood plasma is formed. Pasa nephron body, especially the proximal convoluted tubules, mereapsorbsi substances in a filter, which is useful for metabolism. Thereby maintaining the homeostasis of internal environment. Also move the rest of the results from the blood into the tubular lumen, excreted in urine. Koligens tubule absorbs water, so it helps concentration of urine. In this way, the organism controls the water balance, fluid and osmotic intersel.
Both kidneys produce about 125 ml of filtrate per minute. 125 ml and 1 ml diabsorsi released into the Calix as urine. Every 24 hours was established about 1500 ml of urine.
Blood flow in both kidneys in adults is around 1.2 to 1.3 l per minute, which means that the blood circulating in the body through the kidneys every 4-5 minutes.
Glomeruli contain capillaries arterial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure in capillaries others. This pressure is about 75 mm Hg. Glomerular filtration was formed due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood in which the forces against the hydrostatic pressure is:

    plasma colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg)
    pressure of the liquid contained in the nephron tubules (10 mm Hg)
    parenkin interstitial pressure within the kidney (10 mm Hg), who worked on the capsule boweman forwarded to the capsular fluid.

Hydrostatic pressure was 75 mm Hg and the total number of forces that fight it was 50 mm Hg. Style filtration generated approximately 25 mm Hg.
 E. Setting mechanism Moisture Body
Setting body water content (osmoregulation) involving cells osmoreceptors and baroreceptors are sensory cells that play a role monitoring changes in sodium ion concentration or volume of water (osmotic pressure) of blood. These cells are located within the wall of baroreceptors of carotid sinus and contribute information to specific places in the brain (hypothalamus).
When blood pressure increases osmose will spur secretion of the hormone vasopressin, or ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the posterior pituitary which served to increase water reabsorption in renal collecting tubules, whereas if the pressure decreases blood osmose will suppress the secretion of ADH so much urine. ADH works to stimulate cell renal collecting tubules to increase reabsorption of water. Vasopressin also causes kontriksi vascular smooth muscle resulting in increased blood pressure to return to normal.
Regulation of osmotic pressure of body fluids (osmoregulation) that is the setting for the creation of the water content of blood osmotic pressure is balanced (isotonic). Mechanism of osmoregulation osmose occur if blood pressure increases, it will stimulate the secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which served to increase water reabsorption in the distal convoluted renal tubule, so a lot of water to be reabsorbed (reabsorption) and the pressure returned to normal.
If the body lacks water and is not replaced immediately, it could lead to dehydration. Hiperosmolalitas and hypovolemia cells detected by osmoreceptors and baroreceptors are sensory cells that play a role monitoring changes in sodium ion concentration or volume of water (osmotic pressure) in the blood. Baroreceptors are located in the wall of the carotid sinus plays provide information to a specific place in the brain.
Processing such information in the hypothalamus produces hormones vasopressin release from posterior pituitary gland neurons. ADH works kolektivi stimulates renal tubular cells to increase the reabsorption of water. Vasopressin also causes contraction of vascular smooth muscle resulting in increased blood pressure to return to normal.
F. Regulation of levels of sodium ions (sodium)
Sodium ion (sodium) is the main electrolytes in the body is continuously expelled through urine and perkeringatan. Setting levels of sodium ions involving cells of the adrenal cortex (the hormone aldosterone) and renal tubular cells. Sodium ion (sodium) is the major ions that make up the body's electrolytes. Sodium is continuously expelled through urine and sweat.
Specialized cells found in renal blood vessel walls serve as osmoreceptors contribute to monitor levels of sodium ions in the blood. If sodium levels drop (osmolarity decreased), then these cells release the enzyme renin that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin II angeiotensin I then.
Angiotensin II as hormones act to stimulate the adrenal cortex cells to synthesize and secrete aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates renal tubular cells to increase reabsorpi sodium in the urine so that the blood sodium levels back into balance (normal).
Kidneys are very important role in maintaining the atmosphere of the internal environment in order to stay fit for the continuity of physiological processes in the cell or the so-called homeostasis (WB Cannon). In the human body, the cells that make up the network is in a neighborhood called the internal environment. Claude Bernard (the French) is named the internal environment in terms melieu interieur. Internal environment is nothing but the space between cells. Intercellular space is not an empty room, but the room filled with fluid, as well as space in the cell (cytoplasm).
According to Ganong (1991), our body composition is largely a liquid that is approximately 60%. Body fluids, based on the existence (layout) can be differentiated into extracellular fluid (CES) 20%, and intracellular (CIS) 40%. Extracellular fluid could be classified into intercellular fluid (network) 75%, and plasma and lymph fluid of 25%. For example, a person weighing 50 Kg, then the total body fluid of about 30 L. CIS 20 L, 10 L CES, 7.5 and 2.5 L of tissue fluid and lymph fluid palsma.
Electrolyte is a substance that dissolves or decomposes into the form of ions and the subsequent solution of the electrical conductor, the ions are electrically charged atoms. Electrolyte can be water, acid, base or other form of chemical compounds. Electrolytes are generally in the form of acid, alkali or salt. Some of the specific gas can serve as an electrolyte in certain conditions such as high temperature or low pressure. Strong electrolyte is identical with acids, bases, salts and strong.
G. Disease and renal abnormalities
Causes of kidney disease, among others, namely:

    Common diseases, like diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, or pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, hepatitis, pre-eclampsia, vomiting, bleeding, and burns. These things can cause disturbances in the kidneys.
    Localized disease of the kidney, such disease in the filter (glomerulus) or glomerulonephritis, bacterial infection, the presence of cysts in the kidneys, impact, shock, cancer malignancy, and obstruction of kidney stones or tumors.

Symptoms of kidney disease can be classified into two categories, namely:

    Acute symptoms, such as swollen eyes, severe back pain, pain when urinating, fever, and frequent urination.
    Chronic symptoms such as weakness, no appetite, nausea, vomiting, swelling, decreased urination, itching, shortness of breath, and anemia.

Handling patients with kidney disease can be done by following these steps:

    Check, diagnosis or early recognition of renal failure.
    Control or monitor the progression of renal failure.

Detection and correction of the cause of kidney failure are still curable.
1. Kidney Stones
Kidney stones in the urinary tract (urinary calculus) is a rock-hard mass that forms in the urinary tract and can cause pain, bleeding, blockage of urinary flow or infection.
These stones can form in the kidneys (kidney stones) as well as inside the bladder (bladder stones). The process of stone formation is called urolithiasis (renal lithiasis, nephrolithiasis).
Cause
Stone formation can occur due to urine saturated with salts that can form stones because urine or lack of normal inhibitors of stone formation. Approximately 80% of stones composed of calcium, the remainder contains a variety of materials, including uric acid, cystine and minerals struvit. Struvit stone (a mixture of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate) is also called "infection stones" because this stone is only formed in the urine of infected. Stone size varies, ranging from who can not be seen with the naked eye until a rate of 2.5 centimeters or more. Large stone called "staghorn calculus". This stone can fill almost the entire renal pelvis and renal calices.
Symptom
Kidney stones, especially the small size, may not cause symptoms. Symptoms of kidney stones depends on the location of the stone.

    Stone in the bladder may cause pain in the lower abdomen.
    Stones that obstruct the ureter, renal pelvis and renal tubules can cause back pain or renal colic (severe colic pain).

Renal colic is characterized by severe pain that relapsing-remitting, usually in the area between the ribs and hip, radiating to the abdomen, pubic area and inner thighs. Other symptoms are nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, chills and blood in the urine.
Patients may be frequent urination, especially when the stones pass through the ureter. Stones can cause urinary tract infections. If the stones block the flow of urine, bacteria will be trapped in the urine collected over the blockage, so there was an infection. If the blockage lasts a long time, the urine will flow back into the channel in the kidney, causing stress that will inflate the kidneys (hydronephrosis) and eventually can damage the kidneys.
Diagnosis
Stones that do not cause symptoms, it may be known by accident on the examination of routine urine analysis (urinalysis). Stones that cause the pain is usually diagnosed based on symptoms of renal colic, accompanied by any tenderness in the back and groin or pain in the pubic area with no obvious cause.
Microscopic analysis of urine could indicate the presence of blood, pus or a small rock crystal. Usually no need for other examinations, except if the pain persist more than a few hours or the diagnosis is uncertain.
Additional checks that could help establish the diagnosis is the 24-hour urine collection and blood sampling to assess the levels of calcium, cystine, uric acid and other ingredients that can cause stones.
Abdominal x-rays may reveal calcium stones and rocks struvit. Other tests that may need to do is intravenous urography and retrograde urography.
Prevention
Drink plenty of fluids will increase spending and the formation of urine so it can help to remove some stones; if the stone has been lost, then no longer need treatment.
Renal colic can be reduced with narcotic analgesics. Stones in the renal pelvis or the ureter top size of 1 centimeter or less can often be solved by ultrasonic waves (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL). Stone fragments will then be discarded in the urine. Sometimes a stone removed through a small incision in the skin, followed by ultrasonic treatment.
Small stones in the ureter the bottom can be removed with an endoscope that is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder. Uric acid stones sometimes will dissolve gradually in the atmosphere of alkaline urine (for example by giving potassium citrate), but other stones can not be solved this way.
Uric acid stones are larger, which causes blockage, it should be removed surgically.